These questions make up part I, and by answering them we get an understanding of the ground from which ancient logic sprang and of what parts of it were treated in scholastic logic.
Part II. The radicalized question: What is truth?
1. The foundations of truth in general.
2. The authentic and original form of truth.
3. The possibilities of truth that are grounded in the above—the inauthentic and the non-original essence of truth.20
4. Philosophical truth and scientific truth. [27]
Aristotle lies at the basis of our treatment in part I. Our interpretation will stick close to the texts, but it is not meant to go into them in great detail. For now the point is simply to come to understand the issue. Therefore, I will give a direct translation of the passages we are to deal with.
The most important of the works on logic going back to the midnineteenth century are:
1. John Stuart Mill, System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation, 1843.21
Mill’s Logic had a very strong influence on Germany in the nine-teenth century, but chiefly because of the opposition it provoked. It especially had an impact on Dilthey, who vigorously opposed what book 6 of this logic had to say about the humanities. Dilthey set his own position of the theory of the humanities against it. That is, in keeping with the entire orientation of his philosophy, Mill took it upon himself to interpret in a certain sense the humanities as a kind
20.[Here is a first hint at what Heidegger will call Irre and the Un-wesen der Wahrheit in his “Vom Wesen der Wahrheit” (GA 9, esp. pp. 193–198); see also Pathmarks, ed. William McNeill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 148–152. Heidegger’s students heard him say, not Wesen—“essence”—but Weisen, “ways” or “modes” of truth (Moser, p. 60.9; Weiss, p. 17.32).]
21. [London: John W. Parker, 1843. Reissued in John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Collected Writings, 33 vols., ed. John M. Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press / London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981–1991); here, vols. 7 and 8 respectively. Heidegger cites the work according to its German translation by Theodor Gomperz, System der deductiven und inductiven Logik. Eine Darlegung der Grundsätze der Beweislehre und der Methoden wissenschaftlicher Forschung, in John Stuart Mill, Gesammelte Werke, ed. Theodor Gomperz (Leipzig: Fues (R. Reisland), 1872–1873), vols. 2–4. However, in both GA 21 (p. 27.8) and in Moser (p. 61.21), a comma is incorrectly added after Grundsätze, thereby changing the sense of the subtitle to: “the principles, the theory of evidence, and . . .” The Weiss transcript (p. 18.6) gets the title right.]