Translated by Pete Ferreira
56
But the most developed critical confrontation with the Aristotelian conception of time is during summer semester 1927, now published as The Basic Problems of Phenomenology55. In this course, it is illuminating to compare Heidegger with the tradition, as it contains a detailed interpretation of the five chapters of the Physics devoted to the problem of time. To embrace in all its fullness the horizon in which the problem of temporality and the interpretation of the Aristotelian conception are here discussed, consider how Heidegger in this course develops the problem of being and its connection with time by starting from an analysis of some traditional theses on being, which are those of Kant, that of medieval ontology (restarting from Aristotle), that of modern ontology and that of classical logic. In particular, Heidegger shows how each of these theses is connected with an interpretation of the basic attitudes of man in confronting the entity, and how the structure of the intentional attitude considered crucial in every case conditions their understanding.
Heidegger first considers the Kantian thesis according to which being (Sein) in the sense of existence (Dasein) is not a real predicate. This thesis, which as you know is one of the most discussed points of Kantian thought, is interpreted by Heidegger using the Kantian term real in the scholastic sense of realitas, as it is used especially in Suarez (which, as is known, has a big influence on German thought of the XVII and XVIII centuries). Realitas and Realität do not in this sense mean 'external reality', but instead mean the determination and characterization of the being of the res, meaning a Sachbestimmung; and according to Heidegger, for this very reason, namely because he intends Realität in the sense of realitas, Kant includes the category of Realität with categories of quality (Realität, Negation, Limitation) and not among those of modes (Möglichkeit, Wirklichkeit, Notwendigkeit).
55 Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie. Marburger Vorlesung Sommersemester 1927 ed. F.-W. von Herrmann, Klostermann, Frankfurt a. M. 1975 (= GA 24).